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Elements of the formation a state

Element of The Formation of a State

 

As an organization, the state has the elements that are not owned by any organization that is in the community. In general, there are constitutive nations and declarative. Constitutive element means that the element of absolute or should exist in a country. Whereas declarative elements only account for the state.

The elements that are constitutive nations is the need of the people, a particular region, and sovereign goverment. The third element is constitutive because it is a necessary condition for the formation of the state. If one element is missing or incomplate, it can not be called a state.

In addition, there are also element of declarative, there must be recognition of other countries. Declarative element is very important because the recognition of other countries as a form of trust is another country to hold a relationship, both bilateral and multilateral relation.

1. People

The people are all people who become residents of a country. Without the people, it is impossible state will be formed. Leacock said that, "The state will not stand in the absence of a group of people who in habit this earth".

Folk consist of residents and non-residents. Ppopulation is all the people who aim to settle in the territory of a particular country. Those who are in the territory of a country but does not aim to settle, can not be called resident. For example, people who visit for the tourist.

2. Region

Region is the second element, due to the presence of areas in habited by humans, then the state will be formed. Population of a country can be divided into citizens and non-citizens. Citizens are those who legally became citizens of a country, while excluding foreign nationals are also called color foreign countries (WNA)

Territory of a country including the following:

a. Land area, which covers the whole of mainland with certain boundaries with other nations.

b. Ocean territory, which includes all waters of marines areas with the limits prescribed under international law.

3. Sovereign Government

Sovereign government is the goverment that has the power eithe to the inside or outside to run errands and authorities set of economic, social, and political a country or part there of in accordance with a predetermined system.

Government is needed in the establishment of a state, if the state may not appear without later followed by the establishment of the government.

4. Recognition of Other Countries

Recognition of other countries to new country is not a factor standing absolute or elements forming the new state, but rather is explained or expressed has been the birth of a new nation. Recognition of a country can be divided into two groups, namely the recognition of the de facto and the de jure recognition.

a. Recognition of de Facto

De facto recognition is the recognition of tne reality of a country that can make contact with other countries taht recognize it. Granted de facto recognition that a new state has met the constitutive elements.

b. Recognition of de Jure 

De Jure recognition was officially recognized by the law of another state with all its consequences.

 

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Beach

Sanur Beach

Sanur Beach is located in the village of Sanur, Denpasar, Bali, Indonesia. Sanur Beach is one of the beaches on the island of Bali to visit. Sanur Beach is about 6 km from Denpasar city center, and can be reached by private vehicles like cars or motorcycles. If you want to use public transportation, travelers do not need to worry, because the public transport is very crowded from Sanur-Denpasar. Exquisite natural beauty of Sanur Beach is very well- known even since antiquity.

In terms of tourism, Sanur Beach began to be introduced to the international world by AJ Le Mayeur, an artist from Belgium who came to Bali in 1932. See attraction is very beautiful Sanur Beach, Le Mayeur decided to stay in Sanur with setting up of painting studio. Le Mayeur later married a Balinese girl named Ni Nyoman Pollok, a famous Legong dancer and a model of one of his painting. Through painting studio has become Le Mayeur Museum and can be visited by the public. Le Mayeur Museum is located in the tourist area of Sanur Beach.

If the popular Kuta Beach with beautiful sunset, another case with the Sanur Beach, this beach is famous for its panoramic sunrise. Sanur Beach offers white sand beach topography that stretches, curved to form a beautiful constellation.

In the morning, the tourists can enjoy the moment of sunrise, tourists also can see the islands of Nusa Penida, in the southeasts as well as panoramic southern coast of Bali. The view at night is equally interesting, with the beauty of the sea waeter reflux attack on the island cluster and rock that just into the sea south of Sanur Beach. Not only that, if  waves are not so big, tourists can witness the beauty of the coral reef that streches colorful.

Around the Sanur Beach there are various facilities, such as five-star hotels and restaurants. Therefore, travelers should not worry if they need lodging or food stalls around the beach. Moreover, in the tourist area of Sanur Beach there are also souvenir stalls that sell a variety of art and by-typical beach. 

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The mysterius places

5 Scariest Place In The World

Mny unsolved mysteries in the world. Some are related to the history and some of the unknown tip base. The following are some of the most popular places in the world because it contains not only the historical value, but also a mystery.

1. Tower of London (Inggris)

Tower of London which look pretty graceful and majestic, invisible mystery. But in the place, had a lot of executions and torture in the 10 century. That said, many victims of beheadings in the past often haunt this place, one of which is the Queen Ann Boleyn who frequently appeared while carrying his own head. Other sightings occured in the February 12, 1957. Guard there saw a white shadow not clear on top of the tower is believed to be sightings of Lady Jane Grey who had executed in 1554 on the same day.

2. Singapore Changing Beach  (Singapore)

Singapore Changing beach is one of the scariest places in the world, because it often appears strange sound like a pathetic cry and scream. It is believed to be the rest of the carnage during the Japanese occupation (Worla War II). In those days many ethnic Chinese were tortured and killed there on suspicion of being anti-Japanese. That said, since it often appears strange events. Often seen floating disembodied head while walking his beach, In one night, the sound of digging such a hole to bury the bodies.

3. Lawang Sewu (Indonesia)

The building is located in Semarang, Central Java. Lawang Sewu is Dutch  buildings that have loot of doors. Residents around often believe that there is a watchman in it often heard strange noises.

4. Hotel Raynham Hall (Inggris)

This place never stops the world because of the appearance that appears in a photo documentation. The  apparition called The Brown Lady or Woman Brown. The sighting was a female figure dressed in brown cloth and appeared on a ladder. Vague shape with a radiant face, but with eyes full black.

5. The White House (USA)

Building number one in the united States is White House which is home to the American president. It turned out a magnificent and beautiful place also in the category of scariest place in the world. Many rumors say that not only the president now who occupy the building, but also the former president of the American other event if they are dead. This place may be said to be full of stories of ghost sightings popular. Ranging from president Harrison, President Andrew Jackson to the most phenomenal is Abraham Lin coln. Many witnesses who claimed to have met with Abraham Lincoln. Sometimes he oversaw one of the bedroom, suddenly appeared beside the bed, taking of his boots, sometimes also sightinga Linciln appears next to the window with a serious place.

Jobless

Jobless

Jobless or unemployment is a term for people who do not work at all, looking for work, working less than two days during the week, or someone who is trying to get a decent job. Unemployment is generally caused due to the workforce or job seekers are not proportional to the number of existing jobs that can absorb it. Jobless is often a problem in the economy due to the presence of unemployment, productivity and incomes will be reduced so us to give rise to proverty and other social problems.

The unemployment rate can be calculated by compering the number of unemployed to the total labor force expressed as a percent. The absence of income causes the employed should reduce their consumption expenditure leading to a descreased level of a prosperity and well-being. Prolonged unemployment can also cause a bad psylogical effect on the unemployed and their families. Unemployed rate that is too high can also cause political turmoil and social security that interfere with growth and economic development. Long-term result is decline in GNP and percapita income of a country. In developing countries such as Indonesia, the tecnical term is "underemployed" in which the work should be done with a little labor, done by more people.

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Corruption

Corruption

Corruption is the actions of public officials, politicians and civil servants, as well as other parties involved in the act that unreasonably and illegally abusing the public trust that authorizes them to gain unilateral advantage.

From the point of fiew of law, corruption broadly meets following elements:

1. Tort

2. Abuse of authority an opportunity

3. Enrich themselves, others, or corporation

4. Financial harm the country or state economy

Types of corruption include:

a. Giving or receiving a gift or pledge (bribery)

b. Embezzlement in office

c. Extortion in office

d. Participate in the procurement ( for civil servant/ state officials)

e. Accept gratuities (for civil servant/ state officials) 

Conditions that favor the emergence of corruption :

- The concentration of power in decision-making that is not directly responsible to the people, as so often in regimes that are not democratic.

- Lack of transparancy in goverment decision-making.

- Political campaigns are expensive, with expenditures greater than normal political funding.

- Projects involving large amounts of public money.

- Environmental covered selfish and networks "old friends".

- Weak rule of law. 

- The weakness of the legal profession.

- Lack of freedom of speech or freedom of the public media.

- Slaries of government employeees is very small.

Type of conflicts

The Types of Conflicts in The Organization

1.Iintrapersonal conflict

intrapersonal conflict is a conflict with oneself. This conflict occurs when at the same time a person has two desires can not be met at once.

2. Interpersonal conflict

Interpersonal conflict is a conflict between a person with another person because of a conflict of interest or desire. This often happens between two people of different status, occupation, occupations, and others.

3. Conflict between individuals and groups

These conflicts arise when an individual fails to conform to the norms of the group where he worked. for example, it can be said that a person can be punished by the group person works because he can not achieve the productivity norms of the group in which he worked.

4. Conflict between groups in the same organization

This conflict occurs because each group has a different purpose and each is trying to achieve. for example, the conflict between line and staff, workers and management employees are two kinds of inter-group conflict areas.

5. Inter-organizational conflict

This conflict occurs if the actions taken by the organization have negative impacts for other organizations. inter-organizational conflicts arise as a result of business competition, gain recognition or influence of the public, misunderstanding between individual members of the organization alone  but cause  escalation of the problem resulted in each organization so that the management had to intervene.

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Conflicts in organization

Conflict

Conflict is all kinds of opposition or antagonistic interaction between two or more people. In other words, conflict is a problem between individual expression with other individuals, group with other groups at different levels due to some reason or the main cause, the objectives and the allocation of shared resources. Conflict often occurs in an organization. This is because in the organization there are many people who have different characteristics, and it has potential for the emergence of a conflict.

The factors that lead to conflict:

1. Communication factors

    Communication factors can be the cause of conflict when the members in organization can not or do not want to understand each other in various ways in the organization. 

2. Factor structure of tasks and organization structure

    Task structure causes conflicts when some members couldn understand their work assignments from an existing structure, or discrepancies occur also in terms of the division of labor and work procedures that are not understood. Organizational structure can cause conflicts when some members felt did not belong on the inside of organization, or can also be an effort to reach a certain position, and various other things related to or part of an existing position in the organization. 

3. Personal factors

    Personal factors can be a source of conflict in the organization when the individuals in the organization can not understand each other, so arise various problems that can lead to conflict between individuals, both in and between certain parts of the organization.

4. Environment factors

    Environment factors become a source of conflict when the environment in which individuals work does not support the creation of an atmosphere conducive to the effectivity of the work don the work done by each person or each work group.

Work experiences

Experience is More Important Than Theory

Theori is important, but the experience is more important. Why?, because the experience, we really have to practice it in our live, but the theory, we just know about something, haven't feel in the reality lives.

now, there are many companies which looking for employess who have an experience work than the employees who have a high degree but has never work at all. It is because the companies want get the employess who have reality skill in the work field.

I have a story that can make me conscious that experience is more need than theory.

I have a lecturer, She has a brother. Her brother is still collage with work in one of the compenies. One day he want to work in a bank. Then he applied for a job at the bank. There are 2 applicant who applied. When do the job interview, he was pesimist, because his competitor is very perfect, he had just graduated with a degree and his knowledge about theory still good, while himself not yet passed from collage. But what happen?, when  announcement of acceptance, person who accept is himself not his competitor. The bank chose himself because he has something that is not owned by competitors, it is work experience.

From story above, I'm be sure that work experience is very important. So, start now, let's looking for  more experience work to add our experience about work.

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Communications

Importance of Communications

Communications is very important, without communications, human's life is very difficult. 

Do you know, what is the communication?. Ok, Communication is the process conveying information from one people to another. Person that give information called communicator, while the person that receiving information called communican. Communication can be done with many ways, such as by speak direct, by media, or by cue. A communication is succesfull if the purpose of delivering targeted information, which is characterized by the presence feedback from communican. Someone that don't like to do communication with other people, he can be compare to the frog in the shell, who don not know any information.

The ability to communicate is also different. There are some people who rather weak in terma of communication. Such as less connect with the theme of the talks if invited to communicate. This type of person is a bit unfortunate, as this can hinder the process of communication. Other than that, people who communicate well with disgust, because he feels useless talking to people like that. Therefore, having the ability to communicate is also very important. If you feel your ability in communication is still lacking, continue to practice your communication skill by frequently interacting with the other people and establish communication with them. So, over time you will get used to communicate with many people, and it is very useful for improving your communication skills. Remember , we will be able if we make it be our habit,,^_^

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Bogor Botanical Gardens

Bogor Botanical Gardens

Bogor Botanical Gardens is a beautiful 87 hectares garden that worth for visit. Situated in Bogor city, 60 km south of Jakarta, its country-capital, Bogor Botanical Gardens is Indonesia's first and foremost botanical gardens.

Bogor Botanical Gardens today is one of the important destination, together with Bogor palace. The garden is an important part of Bogor city providing not only employment but a large recreation area for local residents, visitors from Jakarta and many passing tourists. Dating back to era Dutch colonial, Bogor Botanical Gardens was build by Java's Dutch Governor-General Gustaaf Willem, Baron Van Imhoon who was governor of Java at the time. The extensive grounds of the presidential palace were converted into the gardens by the German-born Dutch botanists, Professor Casper George Carl Relnwardt. The gardens officially opened in 1817's Lands Plantentuin ('National Botanical Garden') and were used to research and develop plants and seeds from other parts of the Indonesian archipelago for cultivation during the 19th century. This is a tradition that continues today and contributes to the garden's reputation as a major center for botanical research. 

     Biogor Botanical Gardens now kept more than 15.000 species of trees and plants located among streams and lotus ponds. There are 400 types of exceptional palms to the found along the extensive lawns and avenues, helping the gardens create a refuge for more than 50 different varieties of birds and four groups of bats roosting high in the trees. The bats can be easily detected by the noise they make while competing for space under the canoples. The orchid houses contain some 3000 varieties. One of the main attraction in Bogor Botanical Gardens is Bunga Bangkai Amorphophalus titanum) because its has a stinging smell when blomming. This flower can reach 2m tall and is the compound interest on the world's largest plants. Next, the oldest palm trees in Southeast Asia are still alive today.  In January 2006, around 20.00-20.30 pm, as many as 124 trees in Bogor Botanical Gardens, many of which are over 100 years of falling due to heavy rain and storms. The park was closed to the public for a week. 

   

Bogor Botanical Gardens open daily from 8 am until 5 pm. Admission fee less than one dolar. There are some facilities in the park, from museums, library, untill guest house. There are trhee routes for exploring the park. In first route, in the Kenari street planted by Johannes Ellas Teysman in 1832. After that, there is a lady Raffles Monument. This monument was created for honouring Lady Olivia Mariamne Raffles, wife of Thomas Stamford Rraffles, Governor of Java in 1811-1816 who death in 1814 due to malaria. On this route visitors can see the magnificent Bogor Palace surrounded with kolam Gunting (literally translated as scissors pond) with beautifull lotus. Across the pond was the oldest trees in the Bogor Botanical Gardens planted in 1823. Namely, the tree Litchi lychees or special chinenis imported from China In the second route, visitors will greeted by beautiful scenery in and arround cafe Botanicus, commonly, visitor choose this place for take a rest while. In the third route, It is a right place for orchid lovers. In 1977, first lady Siti Hartinah Soeharto, wife of former president Suharto to fund it greenhouse specially for the collection of wild orchids or wild orchids found it Indonesia

Recreation places in Kebumen

The Beauty of Tourism Place In Kebumen 

Kebumen is small town which located in Central Java. This city has incredible natural beauty. Beautiful place, beautiful scenery, and the air is very cool. Besides that this place is very neat and comfortable, Kebumen also has amny tourist place which are spread in many places in Kebumen.

Below are the thourists place in Kebumen:

1. Van Der Wijck Fort

2. Jati Jajar Cave

3. Karang Bolong Beach

4. Menganti Beach

5. Suwuk Beach

Waterfall

Madakaripura Waterfall

Madakaripura waterfall is one of the waterfall in the area of Bromo Tengger Semeru National Park, located in the village Sapeh, Districk Lumbang, Probolinggo, East Java Province.

This waterfall has a height of about 200 m and shaped alcove surrounded by cliffts towering curtain had tears forming in all areas ridge looking like a rine, 3 of them even formed a waterfall pouring out again. There are about five waterfall at thjs location with the main  waterfall is located at the end of a circular room about 25 m in diameter.

Behind the main waterfall there is a cave which is very difficult to achieve the water must pass through an a area of 25 m that is just below the waterfall. The pool dep[th of about 7 m and have a very heavy flow of water.

According to  locals Madakaripura name means he last place' whice is taken from a story in antiquity, Gajah Mada supposedly spent by the end of his life meditating at the waterfall site ( in a cave in the main waterfall). This story is supported by the ue of Gajah Mada in the parking lot of area.

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Terrorism

What is Terrorism?

Terrorism is not new, and even though it has been used since the beginning of recorded history it can be relatively hard to define. Terrorism has been described variously as both a tactic and strategy; a crime and a holy duty; a justified reaction to oppression and an inexcusable abomination. Obviously, a lot depends on whose point of view is being represented. Terrorism has often been an effective tactic for the weaker side in a conflict. As an asymmetric form of conflict, it confers coercive power with many of the advantages of military force at a fraction of the cost. Due to the secretive nature and small size of terrorist organizations, they often offer opponents no clear organization to defend against or to deter. 

That is why preemption is being considered to be so important. In some cases, terrorism has been a means to carry on a conflict without the adversary realizing the nature of the threat, mistaking terrorism for criminal activity. Because of these characteristics, terrorism has become increasingly common among those pursuing extreme goals throughout the world. But despite its popularity, terrorism can be a nebulous concept. Even within the U.S. Government, agencies responsible for different functions in the ongoing fight against terrorism use different definitions. 

The United States Department of Defense defines terrorism as “the calculated use of unlawful violence or threat of unlawful violence to inculcate fear; intended to coerce or to intimidate governments or societies in the pursuit of goals that are generally political, religious, or ideological.” Within this definition, there are three key elements—violence, fear, and intimidation—and each element produces terror in its victims. The FBI uses this: "Terrorism is the unlawful use of force and violence against persons or property to intimidate or coerce a government, the civilian population, or any segment thereof, in furtherance of political or social objectives." The U.S. Department of State defines terrorism to be"premeditated politically-motivated violence perpetrated against non-combatant targets by sub-national groups or clandestine agents, usually intended to influence an audience". 

Outside the United States Government, there are greater variations in what features of terrorism are emphasized in definitions. The United Nations produced the following definition of terrorism in 1992; "An anxiety-inspiring method of repeated violent action, employed by (semi-) clandestine individual, group or state actors, for idiosyncratic, criminal or political reasons, whereby - in contrast to assassination - the direct targets of violence are not the main targets." The most commonly accepted academic definition starts with the U.N. definition quoted above, and adds two sentences totaling another 77 words on the end; containing such verbose concepts as "message generators" and "violence based communication processes". Less specific and considerably less verbose, the British Government definition of terrorism from 1974 is "...the use of violence for political ends, and includes any use of violence for the purpose of putting the public, or any section of the public, in fear." 

Terrorism is a criminal act that influences an audience beyond the immediate victim. The strategy of terrorists is to commit acts of violence that draws the attention of the local populace, the government, and the world to their cause. The terrorists plan their attack to obtain the greatest publicity, choosing targets that symbolize what they oppose. The effectiveness of the terrorist act lies not in the act itself, but in the public’s or government’s reaction to the act. For example, in 1972 at the Munich Olympics, the Black September Organization killed 11 Israelis. The Israelis were the immediate victims. But the true target was the estimated 1 billion people watching the televised event. 

The Black September Organization used the high visibility of the Munich Olympics to publicize its views on the plight of the Palestinian refugees. Similarly, in October 1983, Middle Eastern terrorists bombed the Marine Battalion Landing Team Headquarters at Beirut International Airport. Their immediate victims were the 241 U.S. military personnel who were killed and over 100 others who were wounded. Their true target was the American people and the U.S. Congress. Their one act of violence influenced the United States’ decision to withdraw the Marines from Beirut and was therefore considered a terrorist success. 

There are three perspectives of terrorism: the terrorist’s, the victim’s, and the general public’s. The phrase “one man’s terrorist is another man’s freedom fighter” is a view terrorists themselves would gladly accept. Terrorists do not see themselves as evil. They believe they are legitimate combatants, fighting for what they believe in, by whatever means possible to attain their goals. A victim of a terrorist act sees the terrorist as a criminal with no regard for human life. The general public’s view though can be the most unstable. The terrorists take great pains to foster a “Robin Hood” image in hope of swaying the general public’s point of view toward their cause. This sympathetic view of terrorism has become an integral part of their psychological warfare and has been countered vigorously by governments, the media and other organizations.

Homesick

Homesick

Homesick is a common feeling down on people who are traveling far and in the long time. Homesick often leads a person has a very nostalgic feeling to the people in his hometown as well as the usual routine. Usually someone feeling homesick disease is due to to miss the closest people, family, friends, boyfriend. In addition to the new environment is different with different activities that make a person feel strange in that environment. Old habits are later changed or lost in a new place can also make people feel homesick.

Due of homesick

a. Psychological effect on a person's mental state, under conditions that are prone to several form of depression

b. Make a person more sensitive and melancholy

c. Make a person feel isolated, sad, and empty

Who attacked homesick?

a. Area students who are forced to wander away from home for month, even years to gain knowledge. This diseases can also occur in the beginning students who have just left high school. Difference habits made him want to repeat the firt school days were far different from the campus.

b. A person who work out of town and separated families, who because of limited opportunities to meet family at home.

c. Someone who travel far if only for a few days.

How to cope with homesick?

a. Increase the power/ ability to adapt to new environment

b. To recognize and enjoy new places, including those that exist in the new environment. Anyway just path, go here and there, enjoy, so I returned back to the place of boarding/ lodging/ new house live his rest. Not had time to daydream yourself.

c. Speek active in the new environment, to form a social network, the virtual or real. 

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Water Pollutions

Water Pollution

Water pollution is a change of state in a water reservois such as lakes, rivers, oceans and groundwater caused by human activities. Lakes, rivers, oceans and groundwater is an important part in the human life cycle and is one part of the hydrologic cycle. In addition to also drain the drain water sediment and pollutants. Various kinds of functions very helpful life. Utilization of the largest lakes, rivers, oceans and ground water is for agricultur irrigation, drinking water raw materials, as the drainage of rainwater, even real potential as a tourist attraction.

Caused
Water pollution can be caused by many things and have different characteristics.
a. Increased nutrient content can lead to eutriphication
b. Organic waste such as sewage causes an increase in oxygen demand on the receiving water leading to reduced oxygen that have a serious impact on the entire ecosystem.
c. The use of explosive to catch fish
d. Water pollution by garbage

Result of water pollution:
a. Can cause flooding
b. Shortage of water resources
c. Can create a source of disease
d. andslide
e. Can damage the river ecosystem
f. Losses for fisherman

Efforts to address water pollution is done as follows:
a. The industry must prepare waste management unit (UPL)
b. Use of artificial fertilizers and pesticides in accordance with the recommended dosage.
c. In the household must make a simple management unit

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Environment damage

Soil Pollution

Soil pollution is all a state where pollutants enter the soil environment and could reduce the quality of land. Where the pollutants can be a pollutant substances in the form of chemical substance, dust, heat, noise, radiation and micro-organism. 

Cause of soil pollution

Many things that could be the caused of soil pollution, such as leakage of chemical waste and pollutants generated by industrial processed, the use of pesticides, polluted water entry into the sub-face layer, leakage of oil, chemicals, or waste radiated into the soil, litter, and other.

Impact of soil pollution.

tha are 2 impact of oil pollution:

a. impact to healty

b. impact to environment

A. impact to healty

Substances thet enter the soil is very dangerous, because it tends to settle and turn into toxic substances in the soil, which is of course a direct impact on people's lives directly, because of soil contamination can make awater pollution. There are many diseases that can be caused by soil pollution such as leukemia, kidney damage, liver toxicity, neuromoscular disorders, central nervous system disorders, headaches, irritation to the eyes and skin, and can even cause death.

B. Impact to the environment

In the environment, soil pollution is able to result in changes to the ecosystem that lives in and on the bground, especially the metabolism of endemic microorganisms and arthropods that live in the soil environment. Of course this led to the extinction of some speciec of the primary food chain, which will directly give large die to predators or other levels of the food chain.

Handling

there are some ways that can use to handle the soil pollution, such as remediation and biochemicals,

a. Remediation

Remediation is an activity to clean contaminated soil surface. There are two types of soil remediation, in-situ (on-site) and ek-situ(off-site). Cleaning is a cleaning on-site at the location. This cleaning is cheaper and easier, consisting of cleaning, venting (injection), and bioremediation. Cleaning off-site includes excavation of contaminated soil and then taken to a safe area. After it in a safe area, the land was cleared of contaminants. The trick is, the lend is kept in the tub/ watertight tank, then pumped into a tub of cleaning agents/ the tank. Furthermore pollutants pumped out of the basin which is then processed by the wastewater treatment facility. Off-site cleaning is far more expensive and complicated.

b. Bioremediation

Bioremediation is the processed of cleaning the soil contamination using microorganism (fungi, bacteria). Bioremediation aims to break down or degrade contaminants into lesss toxic materials or non toxic (carbon dioxcide and water). According to Dr. Muhibuddin Anton, one of which serves as a bioremediation microorganism is arbuskular vesicular mycrorrhizal (vam). Vam fungi may act directly or indirectly in the soil remediation. Direct role because of its ability to absorb metals from the soil and acts indirectly as stimulate the growth of microorganisms such as certain bacteria bioremediation, fungi, and so on.

Pollutions

Air Pollution

     Air pollution is the presence one or more physical substance, chemical, or biological atmospheric quantities that chould endanger human health, animals, and plants, interfere with the aesthetics and comfort, or property damage. Air pollution can be caused by natural sources and human activities. Some definitions of physical disorders such as pollution, noise, heat, radiation or light pollution is considered as a air pollution. The nature of air pollution impacts may be direct and local, regional, and global levels.

Sources Of Air Pollution

     Air pollutions can be divided into two, primary pollutans and secondary pollutans. Primary pollutans are substances directly arising from pollutant sources of air pollution. Carbon monoxide is an example of primary air pollutants because it is the result of arson. Secondary pollutant is a pollutant substance formed from the reaction of primary pollutants in the atmosphere. Photochemical formation relation to global warming (global warming) that influence:

a. human activities

- Transportation

- Industry

- The power plant

- Burning (fireplaces, stoves, furnaces, incinerator with different types of fuel

- Exaust gas factory that produces harmful gases such as CFC

b. natural sources

- Volcanoes

- Swamps

- Wildfires

- Nitrification and denitrification biological

c. Other sources

- Transport of ammonia

- Clorine tank leak

- Generation of methane from fill

- Steam organic solvents

Type of air pollution material:

- Carbon monoxide

- Oxides of nitrogen

- Oxides of sulfur

- CFC

- Hydrocarbons

- Volatile Organic Compounds

- Particulate

Impact of Air Pollutions:

1. Health impacts

    Substances contained in air pollutants can enter the body through the respiratory system. Away pen etration of contaminants into the body depending on the type of pollutant. Large particulates can be retained in the upper respiratory tract, whereas small-sized particulates and gases can reach the lungs. On the lungs, pollutants are absorbed by the circulatory system and spread thoroughout the body.

     Health impact of the most common is the ISNA ( upper respiratory infection), including atsma, bronchitis, and other respiratory disorders. Some contaminants are categorized at toxit and carcinogenic.

2. Impact on plants

     Plants growing in areas with high air pollution levels can be stunted and prone to deseases, such as chlorosis, necrosis, and dark spots. Particulate deposited on plant surfaces may hamper the process of photosyntesis.

a. Acid rain

   Normal pH of rain water is 5,6 due to the presence of CO2 in the atmosphere. Air pollutants such as SO2 and NO2 react with water to form acid rain and lower the pH of rain water. The impactof acid rain, among others:

- Affects the quality of surface water

- Damaging plants

- Dissolves heavy metals contained in soil that affect the quality of ground water and surface water

- It thus damaging corrosive materials and building

b. The green house effect

    The green house effect is caused by the presence of CO2.CFCs, methane, ozone, and N2O in the troposphere which absorbs solar radiation reflected by the earth's surface. As a result, the heat trapped in the troposphere and cause global warming.

The impact of global warming:

1. The increase in the average temperature of the earth

2. Melting of polar ice

3. Regional ang global climate change

4. Changes in the life cycle of flora and fauna

c. Damage to the ozone layer

    The ozone layer is located in the stratosphere (20-35 km altitude) is a natural protective filter function earth ultraviolet B radiation from the sun. The formation and decomposition of ozone molecules (O3) occurs naturally in the stratosphere. Emissions of CFCs reach the stratosphere is very stable and ca the rate of decomposition of ozone molecules faster than formation, thus forming the holes in the ozone layer.

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Environment

Environmental Damage

     Nowadays, the condition of the world  is not as good as before. The clean and fresh air, green forest, and beautiful environment is very dificult for us to find. This is because the enviroonment has been  damaged, where the environment is changes to bad condition because of natural factors or human activity that result environment not good for the living things. The environment damage can becaused by 2 factors, the natural factors and human factors. 

a. Natural factors

    Many of natural disaster and climate change being the cause of the environment damage. The example of  natural disaster that can make environment damage are floods, landslides, volcanic eruptions, earthquakes, and tsunami. Bsides can make encironment damage, the natural disaster also can endanger human safety.

b. Human factors.

    The human activities is the main factors that cause environment damage. Human beings are rational and have ability to develop science to sufficient their life needs. Because the human's need can't to be satisfied, human always try to do many ways to sufficient their need, moreover with make environment damage. For example, excessive felling trees for timber so as to result in the bare woods, catching fish using poison or electric device that can damage ecosystems aquatic animals, etc.

    The development of technology is also one of the cause of environment damage. Resulted in a number of motor vehicle air pollution caused by exhaust fumes from motor vehicles. In addition to motor vehicles, which can cause air pollution is smoke from industrial plants. Pollution air is no longer healthy for living creatures, because of the polluted air contains a lot of toxic materials. Beside that, the industrial activities can also cause water pollution. This can occur  because the liquid waste generated by industrial activities discharge directly into the river without being processed first. Polluted water is very harmful to many living things that live mainly in water, such as fish and aquatic plants.

     In sufficient daily lives, the human must also pay attention to the environment. Because the environment very influential on human lives. If our environment is damaged, then our lives will also be damaged. So, from now LET'S OUR ENVIRONMENT AS WE TAKE KARE OURSELVE to get peaceful, healthy, and comfortable lives,,^_^

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Trees

The venus's Fly Trap

 

The venus's fly trap is a unique plant. It belongs to a group of plants called 'carnivorous plants'. These plants feed on insects. The venus's fly trap has a special mechanism by which it traps its prey.

This is how the venus's fly trap works:

At the end of each leaf- which grows from from the base of a long, flowering stalk- there is a trap.The trap is made up of two lobes and is covered  with short, reddish hairs whice are sensitive. There are tooth like structures around the edge of the lobes. The traip contains nectar which attracts insects. When an insect comes in contact with the nectar, the trap snaps shut. There are certain digestive juices inside the 'trap which digest the insects'. It takes about ten days for a trapped to be degested. We can tell when this digestion is complete, for then the walls automatically open to wait for another victim.

There are about two hundred species of carnivorous plants. Another kind of these well-known species is the pithcer plant. What differents this plant from the venus's fly trap is the shape, the mecanism to catch, insects is the same in both plants. The pithcer plants are climbing plants which cling to other plants by means of tendrils. At one end of the tendril, there is a pitcher- shaped vessel with an open lid. The mouth and the lid of the pitcher contain glands whice produce nectar to attract in sects. When an insect settles on the nectar, the lid of the pitcher shuts, trapping its victim. The digestive juices inside the pitcher then begin to work

 

Place

SYDNEY

Sydney is Australia's state capital with a population of over 3.000.000. It is a colorful modern city but it has also a natural beauty with green parkland and perhaps the world's most beautiful deep-water harbour.

     As well as being famous for its modern buildings and roads, there are many places of historical interest in Sydney. For example, Mrs. Mascquarie's Chair, the area called the Rocks dating back to the early nineteenth century, and the actractive terrace houses of Paddington, are all close the harbour and the city centre.

     Sydney has many attraction wich tourists can enjoy. Surf beaches, a zoo, Koala Bear Park, and an Opera house wich is situated at the water's edge. For further enterteinment there is a wide fariety of restaurants, theaters, nightclubs, sports, and social clubs. There are few places in the world where a visitor can find such a rich variety of natural and historical beauty, entertainment and culture. Ask any Sydneysider about his city and he'll say there's no place like it.